On the basis of the facts as contained in this summary, in your view Essay

On the basis of the facts as contained in this summary, in your view does Palestine meet the criteria for statehood at public in - Essay Example The case of Palestine’s inability to attain statehood in the eye of international law so far is touted to be due to political reasons rather than legally justified reasons. In the light of this scenario and the BBC News report iii, this paper examines whether Palestine meets the criteria for statehood at public international law. The Montevideo Convention’s article of statehood is a restatement or codification of ideas prevalent at the time of its inception iv. Emergence of a State Vattel defines state as a â€Å"political body, or society of men, united together†v for â€Å"promotion of their mutual safety and advantage† viwith the use of â€Å"their common force† viiwhich Wheaton adds to his definition saying that members of any political society subjecting themselves by voluntary obedience to a leadership gave rise to emergence of a sovereign state in the past. Power to control was key to emergence of a state. According to Lorimerviii, a putative state that deserves statehood should be recognized as such by other states and in turn it should have the power and the will to recognize others. Lorimer’s idea of mutual recognition proposed in 1883 has been followed by many states. The modern thinking therefore suggests that legal existence of a state depends upon its ability to control a land and its population. This view came to be well know by the early 20th century which Hall, a publicist described as â€Å"the marks of an independent State are , that the community constituting it is permanently established for a political end, that it possesses a defined territory, and that it is independent of external control†ix. The publicist emphasized on territory and permanent control over the territory. Thus, he dismissed â€Å"a fugacious†x people as not qualified to be a state. Thus Montevideo’s ideas of a state draw heavily from the Hall’s ideas of a state. These aspects of declaratory model of a state held recognition merely as an acknowledgement of an existing state opposed to a constitutive model which held recognition as an essential requirement to make a state.xi Recognition As stated elsewhere, recognition is central to statehood. Thus, an entity aspiring to become a state must be recognized as such by those who are already regarded as states. If an entity must function as a state, it must enjoy acceptance of other states. Yet, some entities manage to function as states with skeleton contacts with other states. Rhodesia functioned as a state on its own from 1965 to 1980 which major states did not approve of holding that it was in violation of international standards. It has been argued that if an entity is endowed with all the attributes of a state, it is still a state even if the rest of the world or other states refuse to accept the entity as a state.xii Treatment of recognition as a precondition for statehood has been still evolving as James Crawford has observed th at recognition is not strictly a

Their bottoms are the wrong shape The theory of established outsider Essay

Their bottoms are the wrong shape The theory of established outsider relations and female jockeys - Essay Example The argument that women riders are â€Å"outsiders† within the racing figuration is derived from Elias’ theory of established and outsider relations and the method chosen for the study is a s series of eight semi-structured interviews with female jockeys who are already established in their careers. The article starts with a quotation from a female jockey who professes to hate being referred to as a â€Å"female jockey† and this highlights the tension that exists in the minds of many professional women who find themselves a focus of extra attention just because their gender is different from the large majority of participants in a certain field. The historical and cultural dominance of masculinity in sport generally encourages this tendency and racing is quite typical in this respect. Citing Cassidy (2002) and Grimes and Ray (1995) the authors demonstrate that vertical gender segregation is a feature of employment in the sport of racing, with women occupying the majority of low status roles, such as groom, while the higher status roles are generally occupied by men. The existence of male-only trainers is cited as another example of the systematic exclusion of women from prestigious roles, with the direct consequence that women obtain fewer mounts than their male counterparts. After this anecdotal introduction there is a discussion of theoretical concepts such as social habitus, insider and outsider, group disgrace and group charisma. The term â€Å"habitus† is drawn again from Elias, rather than Bourdieu, and defined as â€Å"second nature† (Van Krieken, 1998, p. 47) or â€Å"the level of personality characteristics which individuals share in common with fellow members of their group† (Mennell, 1992, p. 30). The authors emphasise a collective view of habitus, in terms of the way a whole society develops over time, again following Elias, rather than the more personal, psychogenic approach of Bourdieu, although both psych ogenic and sociogenic aspects in habitus are recognised as important. The concept of power is discussed in terms of its relational and processual role, as a constant factor in all human relationships. Here again, the collective aspects are highlighted, and the authors cite the example of group power relations between an estate and a village in the work of Elias and Scotson (1964/1994). The terms â€Å"insider† and â€Å"outsider† describe not just the physical location of these two groups, but the differences that they perceive in their own role, and the power relationship that exists between the two. The power differences in the Elias and Scotson study was internalised by both groups, so that the insider villagers developed a positive â€Å"group charisma† image while the outsider estate inhabitants internalised a largely negative we-image. This is accepted by Velija and Flynn as a valid model which can be applied to other types of interdependent groups in a fi guration, including contexts such as gender relations. A number of studies are cited to demonstrate the outsider groups tend to identify with the insider group rather than with each other and that acceptance of inferior status was generally accepted by the outsider group. The work of Ernst (2003) shows that in sport women can be categorised as outsiders and that they generally have less confidence than men, and are judged both differently and more severely. These patterns are deep seated, and even when organisational change is introduced such as in the merger of women’s and men’s cricket organisations in England and Wales, the established power relations and self-images remain (Velija and Malcolm, 2009). Jockey figuration is examined in detail, starting with the history of women’